Task 13- Manipulating Time and Space

Some of the effects thats we used when making this piece of film is that we did a flash forward at the beginning to create tension and we also did a few colour filters at certain points.
Some of the transitions that we used when doing this is that we used a straight cut, we also used a fade.

Task 12- Transitions and effects

Transitions

Style of editing
The movement from one shot to the next is called a transition, different transitions can suggest different ideas to the audience and it can be therefore really important to choose the right one.

Straight cut
A straight cut is the most common and "invisible"form of transitions and a one shot move can instantaneously to the next without attracting the audience's attention, the straight cuts can help to retain reality and they can be used in continuity editing as they do not break the viewers suspension of disbelief.

Dissolves
A dissolve fades one shot off the screen while another shot is fading in. The audience will be able to see both shots at the mid-point of the dissolve, it may also suggest that the shots are connected in some way and it might also be two characters, places or objects. It might suggest that sometime has passed between the two shots.

Fades
A fade is a bit like a dissolve but instead of dissolving one shot into another it gradually darkening or lighting of an image until the screen becomes black or white, a fade indicates the start or end of a particular section of time within the narrative

Wipes
A wipe is quite an unusual transition because it is when one image is pushed off the screen by another, images can be pushed off the screen in any direction but it is more common for the image to be pushed off the left hand side. This movement is more consistent with the sense of time moving forward, A wipe signals the audience that they are been shown different locations that are also experiencing the same way.

Graphic match
A graphic match is a very specialised type of transition and it is not something that an editor adds between two shots but is more of a decision about which two shots to put next to each other, a graphic match is created when two shots similar in shape are placed next to each other. the graphic match tells the audience that there is a very important link between what ever it is they are seeing in the two shots.

Effects

They allow a film-maker to very effectively manipulate a diegetic time and space for example

- To show that a time period has changed in a flashback/forward

- To show a location is different

- To show time is moving quicker or slower than normal

An effect can be something really simple such as using a colour filter or it could be alternating the saturation of an image to either enhance the colour or remove it. making an image black and white if often used for flash backs and one common technique is alter the speed of the footage, a film which uses technique is the time machine because the time traveller enters the time machine and the environment changes as he travels through time.

Task 11- Creating pace with cross cutting

In this video it shows us in a piece of film creating pace and also making sure that it had cross cutting in it as well. we thought of a storyline for this piece of film and we tried to make sure that it had tension in it, i think that we did this in the storyline where someone's friend walks off with his girlfriend and they also had a stand off.

Task 10- Understanding pace

Speed of editing
In a film, each scene may only last a matter of seconds or it could continue for minutes but the length of each sequence establishes the pace of the film moving the action along, the speed of editing will help to determine the mood of what is taking place on the screen.

Creating pace
If the audience is to feel anxiety and suspense the ending so that it would be quick- the scenes/shots changing frequently for example in an action sequence: The Bourne Ultimatum.
If a relaxed mood is desired, the scenes last longer and change less frequently for example in a romantic comedy: The Notebook
Never the less a film need not have any editing, the film Russian Ark was filmed in one take using steadilam and a digital camera, this required split-second timing and organisation: Russian Ark
A trailer for a film needs to pack in detail from throughout the film, therefore the editing will be very fast.

Developing drama
Cross cutting can be used to very effectively develop a sense of drama. The death of casey in the opening scene of scream is made more dramatic by the cross cutting to her parents approaching and almost making it home in time to save her.

Task 9- Non- continuity editing

Non- continuity editing is a style of film making that was made popular throughout the 1950's and 1960's, film makers such as Jean Luc Goddard and Francois Truffaut pushed the limits of editing techniques and created a new style called "French new wave"

French new wave films used a carefree editing style and did not conform to the traditional editing etiquette of Hollywood films. French new wave editing often dew attention often drew attention to itself-reflexive nature (remanding the audience that they were watching a film). They often used material not often related to any narrative which kept the audience surprised and intrigued,

A bout de souffle (breathless)

The gap in action when seberg picked up the mirror is emphasised by the use of the jump cut, this can be used to startle the viewer and also draw the attention to something 

Breaking the 180 degree rule

They had ignored the 180 degree rule, lots of modern film makers still use this technique when they want to create a starting effect. if you cross or break the line characters will appear to swap positions on the screen often used to convey something is going wrong.

A Bout de Soufflé - Jean-Luc Goddard - Jump Cut

When they use a jump cut it could be to try to switch to a more interesting scene so that the viewers do not get bored of watching it

The Shining - Stanley Kubrick - Breaking the 180 Degree Rule

When they break the 180 degree rule in this film it could be to try and create confusion in the audience but it could also do this to try and match the scene that is currently been viewed.

The Hunger Games - Gary Ross - Breaking the 180 Degree Rule

in the hunger games when they break the 180 degree rule, this could create confusion but it can still make things a bit more interesting for the viewers that are watching it

Task 8- Using continuity editing techniques

In this clip that we recorded we matched all of the action so that is was on point with everything that was happening, we had also placed in the eye lien match so that the viewers where able to see what the actor was looking at. We had also placed in the shot, reverse shot so that it creates a more exciting scene for the viewers. In this clip we had followed the 180 degree rule so that the viewers do not get confused about what is happening, in this clip we was not able to fit in the point of view shot but if we did we would be able to see what is going on from the person's point of view.

Task 7- Understanding continuity editing

Continuity editing is what became known as a popular "Classical Hollywood" style of editing, it was developed by early European and American directors in particular D.W. Griffith in his films such as "The birth of a nation"
The classical style ensures temporal (Time) and spatial (space) continuity as a way of advancing narrative, using such techniques as the 180 degree rule, match on action and shot, reverse shot.

Why is this important?

This is important because it helps to retain a sense of realistic chronology and generates the feeling that time is moving forward. This does not mean that you cannot use a flashback or flash forward, as long as the narrative will still be seen to be progressing forward in an expected or realistic way.

key continuity techniques

Eye line match

This technique links two shots together, so we are able to see a character looking at something off of the screen and then we cut to a shot of what they are looking at. This allows the audience to experience an event in the film just as the character is experiencing it.

Match on action

This technique is used to link two different shots together, we could see a character start an action in one shot, then the camera cuts to a different angle and we see the character finish the action in the second shot. This technique ensures that the action seems like a natural and realistic movement

Shot, reverse shot

This technique links two shots together, the first shot reveals one character and then the the second shot reveals the second character. This allows the audience to connect the two characters and realise that they are interacting with each other.

180 degree rule

the 180 degree rule is a basic guide line that states that two characters (or other elements) in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other. If the camera passes over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the line.

Task 6- Creating a montage

Hollywood Montage

In this video it shows us filming a Hollywood montage and it was our first attempt of doing something like this and the whole intension that we had behind this montage was to just show all of the best bits of a "everyday" school day. This type of montage was supposed to show the intensions of a school day and what we would usually get up to in that school day. I think that this was quite successful because we was only showing the best bits throughout the day and that is what a Hollywood montage is supposed to show.


Soviet Montage

In this video it shows us doing a Soviet montage, this was our second attempt at doing a montage. The intension of this video was to show a resemblance from one section of film with another section, this montage shows meaning in to people because people can see one clip and then see the second and they should know the message that we was intending to send out with it. I also think that this montage was successful as well because we understood what it was we had to do to show a resemblance between one part of the video and another part of it.

Task 5- Understanding montage theory

There are different meanings for the word montage when it is referred to 3 of the following contexts

French Montage
The meaning of montage in a French montage just simply means to be able to edit the work that you have already filmed, it also has a literal meaning of Assembly.

Hollywood Montage
The meaning of a Hollywood montage is that it takes all of the best bits out of a series of shots that was taken and then uses them in a film, by doing this it shortens the length of it and the viewers do not get bored of the film easily.

Soviet Montage
A soviet montage is used to reveal a hidden deeper meaning to the film by showing one shot and then using another shot and the second shot is used to make the viewers think about what might be happening inside of the film.

Two key film makers
there are 2 key film makers that had first started with these types of montages, the first person that i will be talking about is:

Lev Kuleshev
Lev Kuleshev is the person who did the soviet montage experiment, he did this experiment in 1920, what this person did was he took a head shot of a Russian actor and then placed different pictures next to it, this made the viewers start to think about things such as what would he be thinking or what is it that he plans on doing.









Serge Eisenstein 
Serge Eisenstein made the film Strike in 1925, at first people don't see any resemblance but when they see the butcher killing the cow in the slaughter house they then see the army pursuing the workers on strike and them kill them all, people see that just like the cow the workers were defenceless against the Russian army.

Modern times

Modern times is a french montage and the meaning of montage in France is to just simply edit the process of a film

Task 4- Analogue to digital editing

What is analogue film and editing?
Analogue editing is the cutting together of pieces of celluloid film, traditionally films are made up of images printed on acetate negatives.
These are then "spliced" together to form a reel of film which is then fed through a projector at a constant speed of 24 frames a second which makes the pictures appear to be moving, this is known as analogue.
A device called the Moviola was invented in 1924 by Iwan Serrurier, it was the first device that allowed people who wanted to edit their work to view it while they made changes to it, it was the very first machine used for feature length motion picture.

What is video editing?
Before digital technologies became available magnetic tapes were used to store information- these are known as video tapes, video editing is the process of editing segments of these tapes using a device that mechanically puts pieces of video tape together.

What is linear editing?
The film has to be edited in the correct order, this is known as linear editing.

How does digital editing work?
Digital media is a form of electric media where data are stored in a digital form, digital editing is the use of computers to order and manipulate this digital data.
There are many different editing programs such as Adobe Premier pro, Avid, Final cut pro, Digital film making uses bits and bytes to record transmit and reply images instead of chemicals on film so the whole process of it is electronic so there will be no printing or "splicing" involved within it, Digital editing soon over took video editing as it is much quicker and therefore it becomes cheaper, also the biggest pro of digital editing is that you can edit it digitally in any order that you want to.

What is non-linear editing?
Non-linear editing is to just simply edit the film in any order.
You are able to edit a sequence from the end of the film before you have started editing the first scene, the process uses electronic files so it makes it easy to do.

What are the pros and cons of analogue and digital editing?
Analogue editing
Pros

• Makes you work harder
• you are more careful with the work

Cons

• The tape is bulky
• it is all manual work
• if the work is messed up you will be unable to fix it

Digital editing

Pros

• It is cheaper to do
• You are able to do major manipulation to the film

Cons

• it is more complex for some users
• you my get technical difficulties e.g. power goes out
• you may not think it through carefully and make loads of mistakes

Task 3- Developing Editing Techniques

Developing Editing Techniques

In camera editing is where you record something and when you want to change your camera angle you have to pause your video and when you get to the angle you want you have to then start to record again

With in camera editing we had created a table of pros and cons, first I will talk about the pros of in camera editing first. In camera editing you can save time when it comes down to editing out work that you don't wan to do so it is more time efficient then having to edit all of the time, because you have to do everything in the order that you want to view it in you have to more precise on the ideas that you have, you also take more time on planning it and are more considerate on it. Some of the cons that we had talked about was that you was unable to communicate with the people that you are working with, you also have to try and start the camera at the right time so that it doesn't look as if your actors are standing still and also if the person who is handling the camera does not know how to handle the camera then you would have a piece of film that isn't at the best quality as it could be showing the camera been moved when you look back at it.

The different shots that I think that we used was close up's, mid shots, long shots, and wide shots. The parts that I think that we had success in was the acting and the stage directions because i think that it was done reasonably well.

I think that we could have improved the timing where people started and stopped acting could have been done better and i could have also improved on the camera work.

I  think that i have improved on my film making skills because I think that I have more experience with working with the camera.

Finally i think that film makers moved on from having to edit things in the camera because they was no way that they could communicate with their actors so if they messed up then they would have to re shoot the whole scene, whereas now if they mess up one part then they can just edit it to correct the mistake that was made.

Task 2- In camera editing

In this clip it shows our attempt at doing a film while trying to edit it all through the camera.

Task 1- Editing In Early Cinema

Development In Editing

The first person that i will be talking is Thomas Edison, he ran a film laboratory where he invented the kinegraphic camera and also the kinescope. he had also developed the 35 mm film strip that had came into the industry as standard, he had also eventually developed the projector to play it.

The second set of people that i will be talking about is the Lumiere brothers, Thomas Edison was working with the Lumiere brothers and had produced short films with them that were on long, static, locked-down shot. The motion in the shot was all that was needed o amuse an audience, so all of the first films were just simply showing all of the activity such as the traffic moving on a city street.

The third person is G.A. Smith, initially there was no story and no editing to the films so each film ran as long as there was a film inside of the camera. One example of this is the film The miller and the sweep, Also in 1899 G.A. Smith made The kiss in the tunnel, this film was to have been said to mark the beginnings of narrative editing. Smith "felt that some extra spice was called for" in the the popular Phantom ride genre, he had took advantage of the brief onset of the darkness as they went into tunnel to splice cut and stick two pieces of film together.

The fourth person is George Melies, he was a magician who had seen the films mad by the Limiere brothers. He saw the possibilities of a novelty more than just motion it's self, it was rumoured that he discovered the art of stop motion purely by accident when a camera that he was using had broken for a brief second which was how he got the popularity of the vanishing woman, he never really changed what he did so people lost interest. Because of this he was forced out of the commercial industry and he died in 1913 of poverty, some of the elements of his life were depicted and was placed into the recent film Hugo.

The fifth set of people are Porter and Ediso, Edwin S Porter was working as an electrician before he had joined the film laborttory of Thomas Alva Edison in the late 1890's. He and Edison had worked together and had made longer and more interesting films, Porter had made the break through with the film the life of an american fireman in 1903. The film was among some of the first films to have a plot, action and a close up of a hand pulling a fire alarm, Porter had discovered some important aspects of motion picture language, it was that the screen image does not need to show a complete person from the head to toe. Porter's ground breaking film, The Great Train Robbery, 1903, is a great example of the resemblance  of the types of films that we are able to see today.

The sixth person that I will be talking about is someone called Charles Pathe. Charles Pathe was the director of the famous film The Horse That Bolted which was made in 1907. He was one  of the first people that had introduced a technique that was known as parallel editing, this was shown by cutting between the delivery man and the horse that was waiting for him.

The last person that I will be talking about is D.W. Griffiths, he was a U.S. film director and one of the very first people who had supported the idea of editing a piece of film. He had made good use of the cross cutting to show the parallel action in different locations, Griffiths was one of the first of early directors and one of his most controversial film and possibly one of his best remembered was the film, The Birth Of A Nation which was made in 1915